On March 14, 2024, the Supreme Court in Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. vs. Brajrajnagar Coal Mines Workers' Union, [Civil Appeal No(S). 4092-4093/2024], observed that the workers employed to perform perennial/permanent nature of work couldn't be treated as contract workers under the Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970 to deny them the benefit of regularization of a job.

Recently, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in Ashok Kumar vs. Union of India through Secretary to Govt Industries Department, while referencing the landmark case Bangalore Water Supply Board v. R. Rajappa case [(1978) 2 SCC 213], reaffirmed the 'triple test' to determine if an organization qualifies as an 'industry'. This test includes (i) systematic activity, (ii) cooperation between employer and employee, and (iii) production or distribution of goods/services to fulfil human needs. The court further emphasized that a direct or indirect nexus between employee services and organizational activities is essential to classify an organization as an 'industry' under Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The court also clarified that duties performed by an individual who does not contribute to the organization's intended services do not categorize the organization as an 'industry'.

Recently, the Calcutta High Court in Satyajit Ray Film and Television vs. Subhadro Choudhury [MAT 1414/2022], held that the jurisdiction of an Internal Committee ("IC") under the PoSH Act is limited to determining whether the charges against an employee have been substantiated and if the charges are proven, the IC is only empowered to recommend to the employer that the actions of the delinquent employee be treated as misconduct in accordance with the company's policies and that the IC does not possess the authority to recommend the termination of the delinquent employee as punishment for his actions.

Recently, the Delhi High Court in Management of M/S Colonel Security vs. Seema and Anr [W.P.(C) 2281/2010], re-iterated a settled position of law that temporary absence does not constitute abandonment of a job and to establish abandonment, it must be demonstrated that the employee has left the job with a clear intention not to return to duty.

Recently, the Madhya Pradesh High Court in I.D. Makrani vs. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors.[WP No. 8370/2023], while quashing the suspension order of an employee held that merely forwarding a message in a WhatsApp group should not be automatically construed as an expression of the employee's personal opinion. The court further referred to the Madras High Court judgment in A. Lakshminarayanan vs. Assistant General Manager [W.P (MD) No.9754/2023], wherein the court observed that an employee has the right to vent and the management cannot take disciplinary action for messages sent in a private WhatsApp Group as long as they are within the legal bounds.

Recently, the Calcutta High Court in Neeta Kumari vs. Union of India & Ors [WPA 29978/2013], held that contractual terms of an employment contract cannot limit and override the entitlement of women to receive benefits under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961.

Recently, the Supreme Court in Dr. Mrs. Suman V. Jain vs. Marwadi Sammelan [CA No. 1480/2012], validated the employee's request for withdrawal of the prospective resignation prior to the effective date and observed that allowing the prospective or intending resignation would be complete and operative on the arrival of the indicated future date in the absence of anything contrary in the terms and conditions of the employment contract. The Court further clarified that intimation sent in writing to the competent authority of the employer by the incumbent employee of his intention or proposal to resign from his office/post from a future specified date can be withdrawn at any time before it becomes effective.

Recently, the Supreme Court in Union Of India and Others vs. Ex. Lt. Selina John [CA No. 1990/2019], held that women cannot be terminated on the basis of their marital status and termination of the employment of a woman because of her marriage is a coarse case of gender discrimination and inequality.

Recently, the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Banarsi Dass vs. State of Haryana and others [CWP 7299/2023], observed that withholding the gratuity, leave encashment and retiral benefits was not because of the fault of the employee and it was only because of the surcharge proceedings which were initiated against the employee after his retirement which ultimately was dismissed, although on the ground of limitation, therefore, the employee is certainly entitled to the interest on all the delayed payments of retiral benefits. The Court further clarified that an affidavit has no significance in law and such kinds of affidavits have no force of law. They are non-est and cannot be enforced.

Recently, the Orissa High Court in Union of India and others vs. Md. Ahmed Baig [W.P(c) No. 9987/2021], while responding to the question of whether an excess payment made in favour of an employee due to the erroneous calculation can be recovered from his leave encashment benefits after his retirement, observed that in the absence of a statutory mandate, the employer cannot withhold or take away a part of leave encashment. The Court placed reliance on the Supreme Court judgment given in Syed Abdul Qadir vs. State of Bihar (2009)3SCC475, wherein it was held that recovery of excess payment is bad in law as it causes undue hardship on employee however if it is proved that the employee had knowledge that the payment received was in excess of what was due or wrongly paid, or in cases where the error is detected or corrected within a short time of wrong payment, court may order for recovery of the amount paid in excess.

Recently, the Delhi High Court in Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute vs. Nishikesh Tyagi & Another [W.P.(C) 7161/2003], while adjudicating a dispute of an employee working in a hospital controlled by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, reiterated the Supreme Court ruling given in Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board vs. A. Rajappa, (1978) 2 SCC 213, wherein it was held that the hospitals are deemed to be considered as an industry and the services rendered by the employees of the said industry were needed to be looked upon while dealing with the interpretation of the term industry. The Court further observed that even though the hospitals are considered to be non-profit institutions, the very fact that they render services makes them part of an industry as defined under section 2(j) of the IDA.

Recently, the Karnataka High Court in M/S. Armstrong Design and Acmite India Manufacturing Private Limited vs. The Assistant Labour Commissioner [W.P No. 1049/2024], observed that the recognition of the workmen as "protected workmen" under Section 33 (4) of the IDA is not automatic and a certain amount of discretion is conferred on the employer whether to recognize or not, a workman as a "protected workman" and even if the charges are for minor offences, the workman can be denied the special status of being "protected workmen".

Recently, the Karnataka High Court in P V Rudrappa vs. The State of Karnataka W.P No. 9642/2020, while quashing an order of dismissal of an employee charged with an act of bribery observed that, the material lapse on the part of any enquiry officer may result in masking of the truth to the prejudice of the employee. The Court further stated that in cases coming before the court, more often than not, departmental enquiries are conducted by untrained enquiry officers who do not even have minimum expertise in the matters which puts the stakeholders at risk and a crash course of training in matters like this would be of great advantage to all the stakeholders.

Recently, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in Executive Engineer Roads and Buildings vs. Nazir Ahmad Teli [CM(M) No. 223/2022], reiterated a settled principle that it is the responsibility of the principal employer of any industrial establishment to make payment of wages required to be made under the Payment of Wages Act in case the contractor fails to make such payment. The Court also stated that in order to file an effective appeal application against the order of the authority under the Payment of Wages Act, it is mandatory to deposit of amount as payable under the orders of the authority and the filing of a certificate to this effect along with the memo of appeal.

Recently, the High Court of Bombay in The Indian Express (P) Ltd. & Ors. vs. Dinesh Rane & Ors. W.P No. 10814 of 2023, observed that on any misconduct committed by employees, the employers have inherent right to take disciplinary actions against them. Similarly, the employer has an inherent right to transfer its employees, as per terms and conditions of employment or as required in the exigency of service. The Court further held that disciplinary actions initiated or punishment imposed, can be tested in the court of law to examine whether the same is actuated by malice or is not for exigency of services.

Recently, the Gauhati High Court in National Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Md. Safiur Rahman MFA/266/2010, while quashing the order of Commissioner under the Compensation Act, who had allowed compensation to workmen after assessing the loss of earning capacity of the workman at 75 % on the basis of the disability certificate observed that, under Section 4(1)(c)(ii) of the Compensation Act, the Commissioner has been given jurisdiction to provide compensation with respect to injuries resulting in permanent total disablement to be proportionate to the loss of earning capacity. A loss of earning capacity must be assessed by a qualified medical practitioner only and cannot be assessed through a disability certificate.

On January 30, 2024, the Telangana High Court in Sanyasi Rao vs. High Court of Andhra Pradesh [W.P No. 26262/2012], placing the onus on the employee to provide evidence of the incorrect recording of the date of birth, which, in this case, the employee failed to do so, reiterated the settled legal position that correction of the date of birth could not be claimed as an absolute right. The Court expressed that entertaining claims for the correction of the date of birth would undermine the objectives of the service rules and thus the claim for alteration was deemed unsustainable.

Recently, the Supreme Court in State of Haryana and Others vs. Dinesh Singh and Another [SLA No. 21335/2022], interpreted the term 'contemplated' in context of employee facing disciplinary proceedings against whom action is being 'contemplated', making him ineligible for appointment in service. The Court clarified that a disciplinary proceeding is deemed pending when a formal charge-sheet is issued to the employee and the said determination stands, regardless of whether any preliminary enquiry, whether summary or detailed, has been conducted, or if initiated, remains incomplete.

Recently, the Karnataka High Court in M/s. Tata Advanced System Limited vs. Department of Labour Karnataka [W.P No. 7674/2023], reiterated a well settled principle stating that a workman can only approach an industrial tribunal for removal, termination or dismissal and if the workman wants to raise a dispute regarding regularisation, then that can only be done through a union which will represent the workman.

Recently, the Guwahati High Court in Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Prasad Kalita [MFA 29/2011], observed that the employee is required to prove the loss of earning capacity in reference to nature of work which he is capable of doing at the time of the accident, as provided under section 2(l) of the Employee Compensation Act, 1923.

Recently, the Allahabad High Court in Jayant Srivastava vs. Prescribed Authority, Payment of Wages Act, 1936 [Article 227 No. 12595/2023], held that a claim under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 ("PW Act") can only be brought against the company with whom the contractors have an agreement and not against the managing director of the said company in his/her individual capacity.

Recently, the Allahabad High Court in Sumant Kumar vs. U.P. Power Corporation Limited and others. [W.P No. 14824/2023], held that a disciplinary inquiry must proceed according to statutory and settled principles of holding a fair inquiry which include proving the charges by evidence by examining witness and leading documentary evidence, and the only exception to this would be when the delinquent employee admits to the charges levied against him on his own.

Recently, the Bombay High Court in M/s. Terna Polytechnic vs. Shri. Ravi Bhadrappa Randale and Ors. W.P No. 7842/2017, observed that once it is held that there is continuity in 2 (two) services for the purpose of computation of gratuity under the Gratuity Act, the amount of gratuity is to be calculated on the basis of last wages drawn in latter institute, it is not at all necessary to direct former institute to pay any gratuity to the employee.

Recently, the Karnataka High Court in Attikaribettu Grama Panchayath vs. The Panchayath Development Officer W.A 543/2023, while reinstating the employee dismissed by the employer from services due to registration of criminal complaint against him, observed that no employee can be punished by way of dismissal from service without giving an opportunity of being heard merely on the basis of registration of criminal complaint against him.

Recently, the Kerala High Court in Sabu Varghese vs. Viju P Varghese WA 1929/2023, observed that there was interruption and break in service on account of the employee remaining absent from service unauthorizedly which was proved following a disciplinary action taken against him and thus making the said employee ineligible for promotion, as he did not meet the required service criteria of uninterrupted service of 2 (two) years.

Recently, the Allahabad High Court in Rajni Rani vs. State of U.P. and others W.P 11483/2023, while dealing with the pensionary entitlement of a deceased employee who nominated his 2nd wife for receiving benefits observed that, a nominee is just a custodian and the benefit after death of employee has to be conferred or granted in accordance with law to deceased's legal heirs which, in the instant case, is the first legally wedded wife of the deceased employee as she never divorced her husband.

Recently, the Kerala High Court in Central Board of Trustees (CBT), Employees Provident Fund vs. Bake ‘N’ Joy Hot Bakery W.P (c) 35613/2019, reduced the amount of damages to 50% (fifty percent) of the amount levied observing that although the Supreme Court settled that the requirement of mens rea and/or actus reus is no longer a necessary ingredient to be proved to impose damages however, the Supreme Court does not hold that 100% damages must be invariably imposed.

On January 3, 2024, the Bombay High Court in M/s. Hindustan Level Employees Union vs. M/s. Hindustan Unilever Limited (W.P.(C) 8562/2015), while responding to the question as to whether a customary practice of requiring the suspended employee to mark his attendance at the factory gate without the support of any statutory enactment is maintainable for claiming subsistence allowance, observed that any condition put by the employer and more specifically a condition directly relating to entitlement of subsistence allowance has to be within the parameters and four corners of Section 10(A) of the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 only. The Court stated that what is required under the law is for the suspended employee to inform the employer that he is not gainfully employed elsewhere and nothing more and once the statutory provisions does not provide for requiring marking of attendance everyday such introduction of stipulation as per customary practice is illegal in law, no matter what the concerned employer desire from introducing such a condition.

Recently, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in Abdul Rahim Ganai vs. State of JK and others (SRTC) (SWP No. 1155/2009), while deciding the plea of employee whose leaves declared dies non for remaining absented on medical grounds by employer without conducting disciplinary enquiry or providing him opportunity of hearing, observed that the order adverse to the employee for wilfully remaining absent after expiry of leave cannot be passed without initiating any disciplinary proceedings. The employer is competent to direct the period of wilful absence to be treated as Dies Non, but it would be as a measure of penalty and such order cannot be passed without holding enquiry and providing opportunity of being heard to the employee.

Recently, the Bombay High Court in Hitachi Astemo Fie Pvt. Ltd. vs. Nirajkumar Prabhakarrao Kadu (W.P No. 14192/2013), while holding that posting violent and insightful comment on social media account (Facebook) by an employee amounts to misconduct and covered under the Model Standing Orders observed that based on the Facebook posts posted by workman, hatred and passion was clearly incited amongst those who have given the likes and comments. The Court further stated that though it has been argued vehemently no untoward incident had occurred and no violent incident took place resulting in a riotous or disorderly behaviour, however when such posts were posted, the entire situation in the company was extremely tense as settlement for wage negotiations were under progress between the company and the recognized Union therefore, through the effect of such posts it can be clearly deduced that it could have led to any disorderly act.

On December 04, 2023, the Supreme Court in the case Ram Lal vs. State of Rajasthan & Ors [Civil Appeal No. 7935 of 2023], held that the court will be entitled to apply its discretion and quash the disciplinary proceedings against an employee, if he has been acquitted in a criminal case having identical or similar charges and the evidence, witnesses and circumstances are one and the same.

Recently, the Delhi High Court in Shri Chintan Bindra vs. DCIT [W.P. (C) 2164/2022 & CM Appl. 6192/2022] observed that an employee cannot be held to be liable for the actions of the employer with regards to non-deposition of Tax Deducted at Source ("TDS") to the Central Government, considering that the employee has no further control over it, and it is the sole duty of the employer who is acting as a collecting agent to pay such amount to the Central Government.

Recently, the Allahabad High Court in Smt. Sonali Sharma vs. State of U.P [Writ-A No. 9110 of 2023] while considering a petition challenging a rejection of application for second maternity leave held that the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, does not contain any stipulation with regards to the gap between 2 (two) applications for maternity benefit therefore, there is no bar for an employee seeking second maternity benefit within a period of 2 (two) years from the grant of first maternity benefit.

Recently, the Karnataka High Court in the case Karnataka State Road Transport vs. N Boraiah [WP No. 20314 of 2021], held that under the Rule 10 of Payment of Gratuity (Central) Rules, 1972, and Rule 10 of Karnataka Payment of Gratuity Rules, 1973 prescribe a 90 (ninety) days' timeframe for filing gratuity-related claims and the delay in filing the same before the controlling authority is liable to be rejected on grounds of undue delay and laches.

On November 20, 2023, the Kerala High Court in the case Lath vs. TV Sahadevan [MFA (ECC) No. 90 of 2016], re-iterated a settled position of law that an independent contractor cannot be entitled to compensation under the Employees' Compensation Act, 1923 ("EC Act") for any injuries caused to him as the said individual does not come under the ambit of the term 'employee' as defined under section 2 (1) (dd) of the EC Act as he is not controlled and supervised by an employer in respect of the details of the work allotted to him.

Recently, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in Sunita Walo vs. Union of India and Ors., [SWP No. 1597 of 2017], ruled that even if an employer's establishment is discharging public functions or duties, the writ jurisdiction may not apply if the acts of the employer being complained of have no direct nexus with the discharge of public functions and it is indisputably a public law action which confers a right upon the aggrieved to invoke the extraordinary writ jurisdiction under Article 226 for a prerogative writ.

On November 17, 2023, the Punjab and Haryana High Court in IMT Industrial Association and another vs. State of Haryana and another [CWP Nos. 26573 of 2021] while setting aside the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 providing reservation in the private sector jobs to the residents of the Haryana state held that the state cannot discriminate against individuals on the account of the fact that they do not belong to a certain state and have a negative discrimination of citizens of the country.

Recently, the Supreme Court in Thankamma Baby vs. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Kerala [Civil Appeal No. 4620 of 2010], took a purposive interpretation of the Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 ("EPF Act") while addressing the question whether the factories that are not specified in Schedule I of the EPF Act can still be covered within the ambit of the EPF Act observed that clause (a) of sub-section (3) is applicable only to those factories engaged in any industry specified in Schedule I and clause (b) of sub-section (3) is applicable to all other establishments which are not covered by clause (a) of sub-section (3) provided such establishments are notified by a notification issued by the Central Government which is published in the official Gazette.

Recently, the Supreme Court in Binu Tamta & Anr. vs. High Court of Delhi [W.P. (C) No. 162/2013], while rejecting a plea, passed an order stating that the Sexual Harassment of Women at the Supreme Court of India (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Regulations, 2013 ("PoSH Regulations") that were framed following the enactment of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, cannot be gender neutral since they solely protect an 'aggrieved woman' in the workplace and the definition of 'aggrieved woman' will not cover any LGBTQIA+ person.

On November 1, 2023, the Bombay High Court in Kiran P. Pawar vs. Bata India Ltd. [Writ Petition No. 5862 of 2018], while quashing the termination orders of the employees reiterated the settled legal position that termination of services of employees on the ground of misconduct without holding any enquiry and without offering any opportunity of defence is not justified and hence not sustainable.

On October 28, 2023, the Kerala High Court in Leela and Anr. vs. M.K. Sukumaran and Anr. [MFA (ECC) No. 136 of 2018], placing reliance on the landmark judgment of the Supreme Court in Param Pal Singh vs. National Insurance Co. Ltd and another [2013 ACJ 526], held that the employer would be liable for compensation under the Employees' Compensation Act, 1923 ("EC Act") if the death of the employee has been caused due to heart attack while he was driving car. The Court emphasised that employee being a driver driving vehicle for and was subjected to stress and strain which led to his led due to heart attack during the course of employment. This very well established a causal relationship between the accident and the employment and the accident can be said to be one arose out of and in the course of the employment.

Recently, the Jharkhand High Court in Beldih Club Jamshedpur vs. The State of Jharkhand and Others [L.P.A. No. 187 of 2023], reiterated the settled legal position that if an organization is covered under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 ("ESI Act"), it would continue to be governed by the ESI Act notwithstanding that the number of persons employed therein at any time falls below the limit specified by or under the ESI Act.

October 19, 2023, the Supreme Court in the case Initiatives for Inclusion Foundation & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors [Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1224 of 2017] issued directions to each state/Union Territory Government for taking steps for implementing the provisions of the Sexual Harassment at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 ("PoSH Act") specially the appointment of a district officer who would be responsible for constituting a local committee in each district amongst other things.

Recently, the Supreme Court in the case UCO Bank and Ors. vs. M.B Motwani (Dead) and Ors., [Civil Appeal No. 8516 of 2011] reiterated the settled principle of law that disciplinary proceedings are initiated only when a chargesheet is issued and not on the issuance of a show cause notice. The Court further stated that order of removal or dismissal from service can be passed only when an employee is in service. If a person is not in employment, the question of terminating his service ordinarily would not arise unless there exists a specific rule in this behalf.

Recently, the Supreme Court in the case Mathosri Manikbai Kothari College of Visual Arts vs. The Assistant Provident Fund Commissioner [Civil Appeal No. 4188 of 2013] while examining the issue as to when the two establishments can or cannot be treated as one establishment for the purpose of clubbing for coverage under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 ("EPF Act") placed reliance on the material placed on record and held that there is financial integrity of the employer with the society which is running both the Institutes as substantial funds have been advanced to the establishments by the society. The Court further noted that both the institutes are functioning from the same premises and therefore they should rightly be clubbed as one establishment for the purpose of the coverage under the EPF Act.

Recently, the Kerala High Court in the case Venugoalan vs. Cheeni Packaging and Anr. [MFA (ECC) No. 72 of 2021], reiterated the settled position that the reimbursement of actual medical expenses under Section 4A of the Employees Compensation Act, 1923 cannot obtain interest from the date of the accident but only from the date on which it became actually paid by the claimant. It was further stated that the employer will become liable to pay interest only on the date on which the bills of such expenses were brought to the notice of the employer.

Recently, the Supreme Court in State Bank of India & Ors. vs. P. Zadenga [Civil Appeal No. 2518 of 2012] re-iterated a settled principle of law that an acquittal of a delinquent employee in a criminal case would not automatically mean the closure of disciplinary proceedings in favour of the delinquent employee. The Court further held that departmental proceedings should not be kept on stand-by if there is a criminal trial pending against a delinquent employee unless the criminal trial involves a complicated question of law.

Recently, the Calcutta High Court in Surendra Prasad vs. Union of India & Ors. [W.P.A. 16064 of 2021] while placing reliance on the various judgements of the Supreme Court held that alleged misconduct of the employee as per the report of the domestic inquiry is not enough to constitute an "offence involving moral turpitude", rather termination of services on account of the alleged misconduct, which constitutes an offence involving moral turpitude is essential for forfeiture of payment of gratuity.

Recently, the Allahabad High Court in Union of India vs. The Union of India and 3 Ors vs. Yashpal [Writ-A No. 15295 of 2023] observed that before awarding major punishments such as dismissal, an employer should take into consideration various factors including gravity of misconduct, past conduct, nature of duties, position in organisation, previous penalty, if any and requirement of discipline to be enforced.

On September 21, 2023, the Delhi High Court in Zarina Naqvi vs. Municipal Corporation of Delhi [W.P. (C) 12473/2023] while examining the issue as to whether the employee's claimant is entitled to interest immediately after the employee has expired or from the date as noted by the Tribunal, held that there cannot be any dispute that, on the death of the employee, the terminal benefits are required to be released to the employee's claimant.

On September 21, 2023, the Delhi High Court in Union of India & Ors. vs. Varinder Jeet Singh [W.P (C) 12451/2023], reiterated the settled principle of law that a contractual employee cannot be replaced by another contractual employee and that a contractual employee can only be replaced till a regular employee is available or the work for which he/she has been engaged exists.

Recently, the Supreme Court in Ganesh Digamber Jambhrunkar & Ors. vs. The State of Maharashtra [Special Leave to Appeal (C) No. 2543 of 2023] held that even if contractual workers/employees worked for a long period of time on contractual basis, they do not acquire any vested legal right to be appointed in posts meant for regular employees.

On September 13, 2023, the Madras High Court in Maiva Pharma Employees Union vs. Join Director and Ors [W.P. NO.2247 of 2023] while examining the issue as to whether the employer is entitled to declare the festival holidays [which the employees are entitled to under the provisions of the Tamil Nadu Industrial Establishments (National and Festival Holidays) Act, 1958] on Sunday, which is already a holiday for most of the employees, held that a weekly holiday cannot once again be declared as a holiday under any name, be it a festival holiday or special holiday. Exception to the same can be drawn only in respect of the 4 (four) national holidays, which are declared under section 3 of the aforesaid Act. The Court further held that (a) a consultative process preceding such declaration is a mandatory condition, when there is objection raised and, therefore, without following the same, the weekly holidays cannot be redeclared as festival holidays; (b) if the 5 (five) holidays, which are to be given for festivals, for the sake of argument, falls on Sunday, which is a weekly holiday, then necessarily upon consultation with the employees, the employer has to find a via-media for declaring other festivals as holidays based on the collective workforce in the establishment and only such a system would result in a conducive environment both for production for the employer and contentment for the employee.

On September 13, 2023, the Delhi High Court in Sanju Singh and Ors. vs. Union of India [W.P. (C) 9198 of 2019], reiterated the settle principle of law that merely because a temporary employee or a casual wage worker continues to be in the employment for a time beyond the term of his/her appointment, he/she would not be entitled to be absorbed in regular service or made permanent, merely on the strength of such continuance, if the original appointment was not made by following a due process of selection as envisaged by the relevant rules.

Recently, the Calcutta High Court in Sukalyan Haldar vs. State of West Bengal and Ors. [W.P.A. NO. 18829 Of 2023] held that the expression "faltu meye" used for a colleague will not attract the provisions of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 ("PoSH Act") as it can be used in various contexts and therefore it is necessary for the adjudicatory authority to explore the antecedents and backdrop of such usage which may lend colour and texture to the comment so made.

On September 5, 2023, the Supreme Court in State of Punjab vs. Jaswant Singh [Civil Appeal No. 11871 of 2014] observed that the employer action of terminating the employment of probationer as 'discharge simpliciter' stands justified since the foundation of discharge is not on any serious allegation or act of misconduct, but the discharge order was passed on the recommendation of the supervisory authority who found that the probationer constable has no interest in training, and no sense of responsibility, hence, he cannot prove himself a good, efficient police officer. The Supreme Court dismissed the contentions of the opposite counsel (representing the probationer constable) holding that the discharge order cannot be said to be punitive or stigmatic.

On September 4, 2023, the Supreme Court in Fulmati Dhramdev Yadav vs. New India Assurance Co. Ltd [Civil Appeal No. 4713 of 2023] observed that in keeping with the principles of the legislation being intended for social welfare and protection of employees; the Commissioner being the last authority on facts; the scope of an appeal under the Employees' Compensation Act, 1923 ("ECA") being limited only to substantial questions of law and therefore, the court in First Appeal has transgressed the confines of Section 30 of the ECA.

Recently, the Telangana High Court in Amrutamma vs. Managing Director and Anr. [Writ Petition No. 26966 of 2011] while adjudicating upon a matter involving the termination of a workman who was absent from work for an extended period without authorization, and subsequently passed away, ordered that although the absence due to ill health was unauthorized, it will not be considered as willful or negligent behavior considering that the workman suffered severe health setback and he confined to bed till his death.

Recently, the Kerala High Court in Kerala State Horticultural Products Development Corporation Limited vs. Sunil Kumar S & Ors. [WP(C) No. 27421 of 2023] while interpreting the definition of the term 'employee' as provided under Section 2(a) of the Kerala Payment of Subsistence Allowance Act, 1972 held that the term 'employee', does not exclude a daily wage employee for the purpose of payment of subsistence allowance during suspension.